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2014年9月1日星期一

How to Make Light-up Shirts

Stitch a row of LED lights onto the shoulder, sleeves or front pocket of a shirt to make it light up and stand out. You will take your crafting to the next level once you learn how to work with soft circuits and conductive threads. You can start with a pre-made button-up shirt or T-shirt, or sew your own shirt and then attach the lights to it. Sewing a switch into the shirt lets you turn the lights on and off.

Instructions
1
Position your shirt on the embroidery hoop. Drape the part of the shirt that you will add the lights to over the inner circle of the hoop, then push the outer circle over top. Pull the shirt tightly and tighten the screw at the top of the hoop to secure the shirt.

2
Arrange the LEDs in a row or pattern (such as a circle or flower shape) on the shirt. Once you've determined how you want the lights to look, mark where each light will go with a disappearing ink marker.

3.Thread the needle with the conductive thread. Tie a knot in the opposite end of the thread.

4
Use the needle-nose pliers to bend the long lead (the metal wire that sticks out of the bottom) of each LED into a square, coiling the wire all the way up to the base of the light.

5
Use the pliers to coil the shorter lead of each LED up to the base of the light. Coil each lead on the switch, as well.

6
Position the first LED on the shirt and hold it in place with your fingers.

7
Push the needle up through the shirt, coming from the inside. Stitch around the square coil of the LED and push the needle back into the shirt. Continue to stitch around the square-coiled lead, until it is securely fastened to the shirt.

8
Place the battery holder on the inside of the shirt, near the first LED. Sew from the first lead of the LED to the positive end of the battery holder. Stitch around the positive end (there should be a small metal loop) until it is securely attached to the shirt.

9
Stitch from the positive end of the battery holder to where you will place the next LED. Sew the square-coiled lead of the LED to the shirt in the same manner that you sewed the first LED. Repeat, attaching the square coils of the remaining LEDs.

10
Tie the conductive thread at the end, to secure it. Wrap the thread under itself, so that it does not unravel and short circuit. Cut the end of the thread.

11
Re-thread the needle if you need to and tie the end of the thread. Push the needle up through the shirt and stitch the rounded coil lead of the first LED to the shirt. Make sure you do not touch the thread used to sew the positive, squared leads with the thread you are using to sew the negative, round leads. Stitch the remaining rounded leads in place. Do not tie off and trim the thread.

12
Cut a small hole in the shirt and push the switch through it, keeping the wire leads on the inside of the shirt. Stitch one lead to the shirt, using the same thread you used to sew the negative LED leads in place. Tie off and cut the thread.

13
Re-thread your needle and knot the end. Stitch the second lead of the switch in place, the same way you sewed the LED leads.

14
Stitch from the second lead on the switch to the negative end of the battery holder. Sew the negative end of the battery holder in place, then knot the thread end and trim.

15
Turn the switch so that the battery holder is off. Insert the coincell battery into the holder. Flip the switch and watch your shirt light up.

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How to Educate a Technician to Install LED Lights

The performance of a well-trained technician can be appreciated by his clients. When his clients call upon him, he is expected to thoroughly fix their problem. Educating a technician on how to install LED lights may be a challenge at first, but once understanding is established the technician will have little problem installing LED lights.

Instructions
1
Inform the technician that the first step in installing LED light involves drilling holes into the vehicle's body away from extreme heat and moving components. Such heat can damage the LED light by increasing its current flow. This preventive step involves marking the proper drilling and mounting location, usually above the headlight housing. In addition, drilling above the headlight housing allows the technician to avoid other significant damage to electrical lines, fuel lines, brake lines and exhaust systems (Reference 1).

2
Have the technician test the headlight housing needed for mounting the LED light tubes. A good idea is to completely remove the headlight housing and install the brackets for mounting first (Reference 2). After this the technician must drill with accuracy, penetrating straight down and quickly out. The hole should be no wider than necessary. A wide or crooked hole will allow moisture or dust to eventually enter the headlight housing. Apply a bit of silicon sealer to the holes to prevent rust.

3.Show the technician how to locate the automobile's fuse box underneath the hood. Once this is accomplished the technician should access and insert the LED's red power wire in the headlight nearest to the fuse box (Reference 2). The headlight furthest away from the fuse box should be in sync with the illuminating diode with ground connector. Continue installation by inserting one of the LED wires and grommet. Pull up on the wires in order to position the LED near its entrance hole. However, the wire should not be visible. In many states there is a law against this.

4
Show the technician how to connect ground so that a sufficient source of power can be accessed later (Reference 2). Ground components can consist of a quality, medium-sized bolt with a metal ground blade underneath. This mechanism should not be excessively tight, otherwise it could crack or break apart. A ground connector is very significant. Without it, very high current can damage the LED lights.

5
Have the technician strip insulation from the end of the LED light's red power wire up to approximately 1/8 or 1/4 inch (Reference 2). Have him probe the head light with the red wire, contacting one of the two small metal tabs until the LED lights come on. These tabs can be found atop each fuse. Once power is discovered the technician can remove the fuse.

6
Direct the technician to insert the stripped wire into one of the two slots once occupied by the fuse. The appropriate slot should result in the illumination of the LED light while the other slot should not produce a similar result (Reference 2). The fuse should be reinserted after this to keep the power wire from moving. The LED light should be fully illuminated. The second LED should be installed in the same manner as the first. Insert it into the headlight housing along with a push plug. This finishes the installation process.

Tips & Warnings
When training a technician to install LED lights, encourage him to thoroughly read the installation instructions. This will cause him to become more grounded as well as confident (Reference 2). Having prior knowledge before performing an installation job makes following direction much easier and saves the trainer and trainee valuable time. Installing LED lights is not as difficult as it sounds. All it takes is a little patience while acquiring knowledge and experience.

To avoid injury and damage to the technician, he should disconnect the negative battery cable. Read the vehicle's service manual to learn more about the automobile's electronic system (Reference 2). Disconnecting the entire battery can cause the electronic system to malfunction on some modern cars. Therefore, it is wise to only disconnect the negative battery cable instead the entire battery.

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How to Synchronize LED Lights With iPod Music

How to Synchronize LED Lights With iPod Music

Lights that blink on and off in time with music are often used by dance clubs to excite the crowd. To create your own "light show" with the music coming from an iPod, use a music sync device. There are a number of these devices available from computer and electronics stores, and even hobby shops. These devices all work in a similar manner to control the illumination of lights in time with audio. Those that include LED lights as part of their makeup eliminate the need for any assembly work whatsoever. An audio speaker, however, will also be needed (e.g., an iPod music dock) in order for the iPod's music to be heard.

Instructions
1
Place the music sync device on a table. Stretch out the LED light modules attached to the music sync device so that they form an irregular pattern on the table. Plug the music sync device's power cord into a wall socket for power. Press the music sync device's power button to turn it on and supply power to the LED lights.

2
Place the speaker dock on the table. Plug its power cord into a wall socket for power. Insert the iPod into the speaker dock's iPod connector.

Aim the front of the music sync device, which contains the built-in microphone, toward the front of the speaker dock.

4
Press the power button on the speaker dock to turn it on. Press the "Menu" button on the iPod to bring up the menu. Select "Music" from the menu. Scroll down the list of choices on the screen and select a playlist. Press the "Play" button to begin playing songs from the playlist.

5
Press the "Volume +" button on the speaker dock to increase the audio volume. Continue increasing the audio volume until the LED lights of the music sync device begin to blink.

6
Adjust the fine-tuning knob on the music sync device to control the speed and intensity of the light's blinking. Turn the room lights off and enjoy the light show as the music plays.

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How to Focus a Light-Emitting Diode

Light-emitting diodes have graduated well beyond their initial roles as panel indicator lights. Now LEDs are used for applications such as flashlights, automobile headlights and architectural lighting. Although LEDs are readily available, they're not very useful unless the light they generate can be routed from where it is to where it needs to be.

For use as laboratory sources, it's often valuable to collimate the light from an LED, to turn it into a "light beam." The calculations are more involved when using high-power LEDs for specialty or general lighting.

Instructions
Using an LED as a Collimated Source

1
Identify the illumination pattern for the LED. Usually the manufacturer will, at a minimum, provide the divergence angles in the x and y directions.

As an example, assume the LED has a divergence of 38 degrees in x and 47 degrees in y.

2
Determine the appropriate focal lengths to get the desired beam size.

The focal length is given by the formula f = D/(2*tan(alpha/2)), where D is the desired beam diameter and alpha is the full beam divergence in the direction in question.

For this example, take a desired beam diameter of 25 mm. Then,

fx = 25/(2*tan(38/2) = 36 mm

fy = 25/(2*tan(47/2) = 29 mm

3.Place the shorter focal length cylindrical lens at its own focal length away from the LED.

In the example, a cylindrical lens with a focal length of 29 mm will be placed 29 mm away from the LED, oriented so that it focuses the y direction.

4
Mark an index card with the desired beam diameter, and check to see that the beam stays at that size over the required distance. Adjust the position of the lens to keep the beam in the desired diameter.

In the example, the index card will have a 25 mm diameter circle, and the lens is adjusted to keep the vertical dimension of the beam as nearly as possible within the circle.

5
Place the longer focal length lens its own focal length away from the LED.

For the example, a cylindrical lens with a focal length of 36 mm is placed 36 mm away from the LED, oriented so that it focuses the x direction.

6
Adjust the second lens position to optimize the collimation. Use the index card as a guide.

To complete the example, adjust the 36 mm focal length lens to keep the width of the beam as nearly as possible within the circle.

7
Select an appropriate anamorphic prism pair. An alternative to two cylindrical lenses is to place an anamorphic prism pair close to the LED, which circularizes the beam, equalizing the divergence in the x and y directions. A single lens with the focal length collimates the beam.

Using LEDs for Illumination
8
Find the output pattern for the LED. Whether the white color is created by superimposing light from LED chips of different colors, or by emission from a phosphor-coated ultraviolet LED, the emission pattern is the starting point. Manufacturer's data sheets provide this information.

9
Define the desired illumination pattern. A desktop task light and a streetlight have quite different target illumination patterns.

10
Model the system in an optical design program. These programs accept manufacturer's data files as input, then propagate the light through a user-defined optical system, and calculate the final illumination pattern.

11
Use the internal optimization routine of the optical design program to tweak the optical surfaces and adjust the output illumination pattern.

Tips & Warnings
Collimation is never perfect, especially with LED sources, because they are not point sources. Accept some divergence in the collimated beam.

High-power LEDs suitable for illumination are significantly different from small-indicator LEDs. The high-power devices aren't just brighter; they are also physically larger and have a more uniform illumination pattern.

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How to Focus a Light-Emitting Diode

How to Focus a Light-Emitting Diode

Light-emitting diodes have graduated well beyond their initial roles as panel indicator lights. Now LEDs are used for applications such as flashlights, automobile headlights and architectural lighting. Although LEDs are readily available, they're not very useful unless the light they generate can be routed from where it is to where it needs to be.

For use as laboratory sources, it's often valuable to collimate the light from an LED, to turn it into a "light beam." The calculations are more involved when using high-power LEDs for specialty or general lighting.

Instructions
Using an LED as a Collimated Source

1
Identify the illumination pattern for the LED. Usually the manufacturer will, at a minimum, provide the divergence angles in the x and y directions.

As an example, assume the LED has a divergence of 38 degrees in x and 47 degrees in y.

2
Determine the appropriate focal lengths to get the desired beam size.

The focal length is given by the formula f = D/(2*tan(alpha/2)), where D is the desired beam diameter and alpha is the full beam divergence in the direction in question.

For this example, take a desired beam diameter of 25 mm. Then,

fx = 25/(2*tan(38/2) = 36 mm

fy = 25/(2*tan(47/2) = 29 mm

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3
Place the shorter focal length cylindrical lens at its own focal length away from the LED.

In the example, a cylindrical lens with a focal length of 29 mm will be placed 29 mm away from the LED, oriented so that it focuses the y direction.

4
Mark an index card with the desired beam diameter, and check to see that the beam stays at that size over the required distance. Adjust the position of the lens to keep the beam in the desired diameter.

In the example, the index card will have a 25 mm diameter circle, and the lens is adjusted to keep the vertical dimension of the beam as nearly as possible within the circle.

5
Place the longer focal length lens its own focal length away from the LED.

For the example, a cylindrical lens with a focal length of 36 mm is placed 36 mm away from the LED, oriented so that it focuses the x direction.

6
Adjust the second lens position to optimize the collimation. Use the index card as a guide.

To complete the example, adjust the 36 mm focal length lens to keep the width of the beam as nearly as possible within the circle.

7
Select an appropriate anamorphic prism pair. An alternative to two cylindrical lenses is to place an anamorphic prism pair close to the LED, which circularizes the beam, equalizing the divergence in the x and y directions. A single lens with the focal length collimates the beam.

Using LEDs for Illumination

8
Find the output pattern for the LED. Whether the white color is created by superimposing light from LED chips of different colors, or by emission from a phosphor-coated ultraviolet LED, the emission pattern is the starting point. Manufacturer's data sheets provide this information.

9
Define the desired illumination pattern. A desktop task light and a streetlight have quite different target illumination patterns.

10
Model the system in an optical design program. These programs accept manufacturer's data files as input, then propagate the light through a user-defined optical system, and calculate the final illumination pattern.

11
Use the internal optimization routine of the optical design program to tweak the optical surfaces and adjust the output illumination pattern.

Tips & Warnings
Collimation is never perfect, especially with LED sources, because they are not point sources. Accept some divergence in the collimated beam.

High-power LEDs suitable for illumination are significantly different from small-indicator LEDs. The high-power devices aren't just brighter; they are also physically larger and have a more uniform illumination pattern.

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What Are the Advantages of Using LED Lights?

LED stands for light-emitting diode and is a still-developing technology that may some day completely replace the incandescent bulb for lighting purposes. LEDs are commonly used in traffic lights and Christmas lights because of their long lifespan and low electricity requirements. LED bulbs are also very responsive and can light up to full brightness within microseconds.

Benefits
LEDs are more beneficial than incandescent bulbs and even compact fluorescent bulbs for a number of reasons. They use significantly less power than incandescent or fluorescent bulbs. They also last long: according to the U.S. Department of Energy, LEDs last around 25 times as long as incandescent bulbs. Unlike compact fluorescent bulbs, LEDs do not contain mercury so they pose less of an environmental hazard when they burn out.

History
The first LED was created in 1907 by a British scientist H. J. Round. The first practical use was developed in 1962 by G.E. employee Nick Holonyak, Jr., who developed a red LED that could be used as indicators on phones, televisions and calculators. However, these first commercial LED were not bright enough to be used to light a room. As the technology developed, more colors were made available. Today, only white proves a difficult color to create and the "white" LED lights produce more of a blueish white color that has limited LED implementation.

Considerations
LEDs are a great way to save money on cooling and electricity costs. LEDs do not produce as much heat when in use so you will reduce your air-conditioning bills during the warm months. LEDs also burn out slowly so you can see the light intensity decreasing. This way you know when it needs to be replaced rather than incandescent bulbs, which burn out suddenly.

Function
LED lights have several functional advantages over other bulbs. First, LEDs are solid-state components. This means that they do not require any moving parts. In addition, LEDs are much more durable than traditional glass bulbs. Finally, the lifespan of an LED bulb is not cut by switching it on and off frequently like incandescent bulbs are.

Warning
LEDs are more expensive to purchase than incandescent and fluorescent bulbs. The performance of an LED can be decreased if the surrounding temperatures are high, which can limit its use in cars or hospitals. Moreover, the light produced can only be shined in one direction and at a much more narrow angle than conventional light sources.

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How to Use Red Light Therapy

There are many ways in which light is used to affect the human body, from strobe lights to tanning beds. It can also be used to heal. One of the more recent developments in light treatments is red light therapy. Originally developed by NASA in the 1950s, the public can now benefit from this therapy as well, for a range of conditions. For instance, the University of California's "Dermatology Journal Online" reports benefits in the treatment of acne.

Instructions
1
Choose your red light therapy device. They range in size from lipstick-shaped hand-held lights to large, tabletop lamps. The former are for targeting skin conditions such as acne and cold sores, while the latter tend to be for muscle complaints. Ensure that the device is FDA-approved.

2
Remove any makeup or other skin products before using red light therapy. Do not leave any products on your skin. (You can moisturize after the treatment is complete.)

Place the light source over the affected area. The small, hand-held devices come with a filter so that you can place the device on your skin. Hold the larger devices a couple of inches from the skin. For instance, hold larger hand-held devices intended to relieve muscle pain in the legs away from the skin and move up and down the legs, a little like a metal-detection baton at the airport. For larger areas, the sufferer may sit in front of a table-top device with several light sources or lie under a long light source.

4
Apply the red light therapy for a duration applicable to the ailment. Small devices for facial skin complaints are typically deployed for 1 minute three times a day. For other treatments, such as for muscle pain, a common duration would be a daily dose of two 5-minute sessions, with a break of 3 minutes in between.

5
Understand how the red light therapy works. Red light has the longest light waves of any colored light. This means it penetrates deeper into the skin. As such, you will feel a slight warming of the skin that is being treated.

Tips & Warnings
Be aware that red light therapy does not offer immediate resolution. However, with regular treatments, users should see improvements after 30 days or so.

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