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2014年8月31日星期日

How to Trim Home LED Net Lights

How to Trim Home LED Net Lights

Decorating the outside of your home with LED net lights for Christmas, or any other occasion, has many advantages over trimming your small trees and shrubbery with traditional string lights. Net lights are pre-configured to be evenly spaced when hung, as opposed to aligning string lights which takes a lot of time to space properly. You can purchase LED net lights in various lengths, enabling you to cover large portions of your home's exterior with ease.

Instructions
1
Unfold the LED net lights on a flat surface and spread them out so that you can easily see all of the lights.

2
Plug the power chord into an electrical outlet. Inspect the lights for any lights that do not light or other defects in the net. LED lights rarely burn out, but it is easier to know if there is a problem before you hang the lights.

3.Unplug the power chord and move the lights to the desired location. Locate the nearest electrical outlet. If there is no outlet readily available, use an extension cord long enough to reach the outlet. Make sure that the extension cord is rated for outdoor use.

4
Grasp the top edge of the net lights with both hands. Drape the net over the bush or other object. Arrange the lights so that the entire object is covered.

5
Plug the net lights into the outlet or extension cord. Inspect the lights and rearrange the net if desired.

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How to Solder an LED

Soldering an LED is a basic task that can be completed in a few minutes, but doing it the right way is important. A faulty connection could result in the LED not working and then further repair will be required. A few basic tips for using your soldering iron and applying the solder correctly will help you do the job right the first time. You can apply these techniques to other small soldering jobs in your shop and around the home.

Instructions
1
Plug in the soldering iron and let it heat up. Pen-type soldering irons usually reach soldering temperature in less than two minutes. A soldering iron that allows you to adjust the temperature is ideal since you can set the iron tip just high enough to make the solder flow. Turn the knob up or down to set the correct temperature if your soldering iron has this feature. The typical melting temperature for lead-free rosin core solder is 430 degrees F.

2
Place the soldering iron tip in a safe position. The tip should not touch any flammable material or your clothes, fingers or other parts of your body.

3.Add temperature protection as you solder by optionally using a clamp-on heat sink. The heat sink will help draw heat away from the LED as you apply the solder. Consider using a heat sink if you do not have much experience soldering to avoid damaging the LED.

4
Identify the longer lead on the LED; this is the positive lead. The direction is not reversible.

5
Tin the LED lead, and if you are connecting to another wire, tin that wire as well. To tin a wire, heat it with the soldering iron and then touch the solder to the wire. The solder will flow onto the wire, producing a thin coating of solder. Some electronics retailers sell pre-tinned wire.

6
Hold the LED against the connection that you want to solder. If you have a hands-free clamp, this is a good time to put it to use. Heat the connection with your soldering iron, then press the solder to the connection (not the tip of the iron) to let the solder flow.

7
Inspect your soldering work. Look for bubbles and too little or too much solder in the connection. If you notice any of these conditions, desolder the connection by heating it again and removing the solder with a desoldering braid or tool. If the connection is shiny rather than a dull gray color and it has no bubbles, the connection is good. The final test will be when you apply power to test your LED circuit.

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How to Educate a Technician to Install LED Lights

How to Educate a Technician to Install LED Lights

The performance of a well-trained technician can be appreciated by his clients. When his clients call upon him, he is expected to thoroughly fix their problem. Educating a technician on how to install LED lights may be a challenge at first, but once understanding is established the technician will have little problem installing LED lights.

Instructions
1
Inform the technician that the first step in installing LED light involves drilling holes into the vehicle's body away from extreme heat and moving components. Such heat can damage the LED light by increasing its current flow. This preventive step involves marking the proper drilling and mounting location, usually above the headlight housing. In addition, drilling above the headlight housing allows the technician to avoid other significant damage to electrical lines, fuel lines, brake lines and exhaust systems (Reference 1).

2
Have the technician test the headlight housing needed for mounting the LED light tubes. A good idea is to completely remove the headlight housing and install the brackets for mounting first (Reference 2). After this the technician must drill with accuracy, penetrating straight down and quickly out. The hole should be no wider than necessary. A wide or crooked hole will allow moisture or dust to eventually enter the headlight housing. Apply a bit of silicon sealer to the holes to prevent rust.

3.Show the technician how to locate the automobile's fuse box underneath the hood. Once this is accomplished the technician should access and insert the LED's red power wire in the headlight nearest to the fuse box (Reference 2). The headlight furthest away from the fuse box should be in sync with the illuminating diode with ground connector. Continue installation by inserting one of the LED wires and grommet. Pull up on the wires in order to position the LED near its entrance hole. However, the wire should not be visible. In many states there is a law against this.

4
Show the technician how to connect ground so that a sufficient source of power can be accessed later (Reference 2). Ground components can consist of a quality, medium-sized bolt with a metal ground blade underneath. This mechanism should not be excessively tight, otherwise it could crack or break apart. A ground connector is very significant. Without it, very high current can damage the LED lights.

5
Have the technician strip insulation from the end of the LED light's red power wire up to approximately 1/8 or 1/4 inch (Reference 2). Have him probe the head light with the red wire, contacting one of the two small metal tabs until the LED lights come on. These tabs can be found atop each fuse. Once power is discovered the technician can remove the fuse.

6
Direct the technician to insert the stripped wire into one of the two slots once occupied by the fuse. The appropriate slot should result in the illumination of the LED light while the other slot should not produce a similar result (Reference 2). The fuse should be reinserted after this to keep the power wire from moving. The LED light should be fully illuminated. The second LED should be installed in the same manner as the first. Insert it into the headlight housing along with a push plug. This finishes the installation process.

Tips & Warnings
When training a technician to install LED lights, encourage him to thoroughly read the installation instructions. This will cause him to become more grounded as well as confident (Reference 2). Having prior knowledge before performing an installation job makes following direction much easier and saves the trainer and trainee valuable time. Installing LED lights is not as difficult as it sounds. All it takes is a little patience while acquiring knowledge and experience.

To avoid injury and damage to the technician, he should disconnect the negative battery cable. Read the vehicle's service manual to learn more about the automobile's electronic system (Reference 2). Disconnecting the entire battery can cause the electronic system to malfunction on some modern cars. Therefore, it is wise to only disconnect the negative battery cable instead the entire battery.

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How to Synchronize LED Lights With iPod Music

How to Synchronize LED Lights With iPod Music

Lights that blink on and off in time with music are often used by dance clubs to excite the crowd. To create your own "light show" with the music coming from an iPod, use a music sync device. There are a number of these devices available from computer and electronics stores, and even hobby shops. These devices all work in a similar manner to control the illumination of lights in time with audio. Those that include LED lights as part of their makeup eliminate the need for any assembly work whatsoever. An audio speaker, however, will also be needed (e.g., an iPod music dock) in order for the iPod's music to be heard.

Instructions
1
Place the music sync device on a table. Stretch out the LED light modules attached to the music sync device so that they form an irregular pattern on the table. Plug the music sync device's power cord into a wall socket for power. Press the music sync device's power button to turn it on and supply power to the LED lights.

2
Place the speaker dock on the table. Plug its power cord into a wall socket for power. Insert the iPod into the speaker dock's iPod connector.

Aim the front of the music sync device, which contains the built-in microphone, toward the front of the speaker dock.

4
Press the power button on the speaker dock to turn it on. Press the "Menu" button on the iPod to bring up the menu. Select "Music" from the menu. Scroll down the list of choices on the screen and select a playlist. Press the "Play" button to begin playing songs from the playlist.

5
Press the "Volume +" button on the speaker dock to increase the audio volume. Continue increasing the audio volume until the LED lights of the music sync device begin to blink.

6
Adjust the fine-tuning knob on the music sync device to control the speed and intensity of the light's blinking. Turn the room lights off and enjoy the light show as the music plays.

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How to Focus a Light-Emitting Diode

How to Focus a Light-Emitting Diode

Light-emitting diodes have graduated well beyond their initial roles as panel indicator lights. Now LEDs are used for applications such as flashlights, automobile headlights and architectural lighting. Although LEDs are readily available, they're not very useful unless the light they generate can be routed from where it is to where it needs to be.

For use as laboratory sources, it's often valuable to collimate the light from an LED, to turn it into a "light beam." The calculations are more involved when using high-power LEDs for specialty or general lighting.

Instructions
Using an LED as a Collimated Source

1
Identify the illumination pattern for the LED. Usually the manufacturer will, at a minimum, provide the divergence angles in the x and y directions.

As an example, assume the LED has a divergence of 38 degrees in x and 47 degrees in y.

2
Determine the appropriate focal lengths to get the desired beam size.

The focal length is given by the formula f = D/(2*tan(alpha/2)), where D is the desired beam diameter and alpha is the full beam divergence in the direction in question.

For this example, take a desired beam diameter of 25 mm. Then,

fx = 25/(2*tan(38/2) = 36 mm

fy = 25/(2*tan(47/2) = 29 mm

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3
Place the shorter focal length cylindrical lens at its own focal length away from the LED.

In the example, a cylindrical lens with a focal length of 29 mm will be placed 29 mm away from the LED, oriented so that it focuses the y direction.

4
Mark an index card with the desired beam diameter, and check to see that the beam stays at that size over the required distance. Adjust the position of the lens to keep the beam in the desired diameter.

In the example, the index card will have a 25 mm diameter circle, and the lens is adjusted to keep the vertical dimension of the beam as nearly as possible within the circle.

5
Place the longer focal length lens its own focal length away from the LED.

For the example, a cylindrical lens with a focal length of 36 mm is placed 36 mm away from the LED, oriented so that it focuses the x direction.

6
Adjust the second lens position to optimize the collimation. Use the index card as a guide.

To complete the example, adjust the 36 mm focal length lens to keep the width of the beam as nearly as possible within the circle.

7
Select an appropriate anamorphic prism pair. An alternative to two cylindrical lenses is to place an anamorphic prism pair close to the LED, which circularizes the beam, equalizing the divergence in the x and y directions. A single lens with the focal length collimates the beam.

Using LEDs for Illumination

8
Find the output pattern for the LED. Whether the white color is created by superimposing light from LED chips of different colors, or by emission from a phosphor-coated ultraviolet LED, the emission pattern is the starting point. Manufacturer's data sheets provide this information.

9
Define the desired illumination pattern. A desktop task light and a streetlight have quite different target illumination patterns.

10
Model the system in an optical design program. These programs accept manufacturer's data files as input, then propagate the light through a user-defined optical system, and calculate the final illumination pattern.

11
Use the internal optimization routine of the optical design program to tweak the optical surfaces and adjust the output illumination pattern.

Tips & Warnings
Collimation is never perfect, especially with LED sources, because they are not point sources. Accept some divergence in the collimated beam.

High-power LEDs suitable for illumination are significantly different from small-indicator LEDs. The high-power devices aren't just brighter; they are also physically larger and have a more uniform illumination pattern.

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How to Use an LED With a 9 Volt Battery

How to Use an LED With a 9 Volt Battery

LEDs are light-emitting diodes. They are specifically created to emit light, whether visible, infrared or near infrared. LEDs are polarized, which means that the way they are placed inside circuits is important. They are categorized by factors such as their color, intensity, size, voltage and viewing angle. They are sensitive to current, and so must be used in series with a resistor to prevent their self-destruction. To calculate the value of the resistor needed with a 9-volt battery, use Ohm's Law. Ohm's Law is a formula where the resistance R is equal to the voltage V divided by the current I.

Instructions
Instructions

1
Obtain the values for the LED voltage and maximum current. This may be done by reading them off of the LED datasheet or package.

2
Study Ohm's Law to calculate the minimum value for a current limiting resistor for an LED. It is R = (Voltage Source -- LED Voltage)/LED current.

Calculate the minimum value of the required resistance. For example, given a 9-volt battery, and a 2-volt LED with a maximum current of 30 mA, the required resistance R is (9 V -- 2 V)/0.03 A = 233 ohms. Note that milliamps must be converted to amps by dividing by 1000. Also, the absolute minimum R should be avoided; use a 240-ohm, 330-ohm or higher valued resistor instead.

4
Wire the 2-volt LED or another low-voltage one in series with a resistor and battery. First, attach the positive side of the battery to the breadboard, and connect one end of the resistor to this side. Connect the positive side of the LED to the free end of the resistor. Place the negative terminal of the LED to ground, and then also wire the negative side of the battery to ground. The LED will light.

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How to Make a LED Into a Laser Pointer

How to Make a LED Into a Laser Pointer

A light-emitting diode (LED) and a semiconductor laser both generate light in the interface region between two different types of semiconductor materials. The energy of the light for both LEDs and lasers is determined by the composition of the semiconductor. The LED and laser emit light in a relatively narrow range of wavelengths. However, lasers put all their energy in a single wavelength, which emits from a tiny spot. LEDs spread the energy over more wavelengths and send that light from a larger spot into wide cone.

Instructions
1
Select a LED wavelength near the peak of the visual response of the eye. The human eye is not equally sensitive to all wavelengths, as the eye peaks at a yellowish-green wavelength of about 560 nm (billionths of a meter). A LED near that wavelength region will create a brighter spot.

2
Find an LED in the desired wavelength with at least a few milliwatts of output power, say three or more. Read the specification sheet and find the electrical requirements, in particular the forward voltage, and the operating current. For example, a typical LED might have an operating current of 20 mA and a forward voltage of 2 V.

3.Select a watch battery or batteries to supply the needed voltage. For example, use a lithium cell with a voltage of 3 volts.

4
The right resistor keeps the LED safe from damage from too much current.
Calculate the size of a current limiting resistor. The right resistor is given by the equation: R = (supply voltage - LED forward voltage) / (operating current).

In the example, R = (3 - 2) / .020 = 50 ohms.

5
Calculate the diameter of the lens---something that fits within the diameter of the holder. Select a focal length equal to the diameter of the lens. Because the LED spreads light in a wide angle, to capture as much light as possible the lens should have the shortest realistic focal length---which is equal to the diameter of the lens.

A reasonable diameter for a pointer would be one half inch, so the lens could be a 10 mm diameter/10 mm focal length lens.

6
Wire the LED circuit, connecting the LED with the resistor and battery through the switch.

7
Place the assembled circuit in the holder, bonding, crimping or soldering the LED in place.

8
Put the lens in the barrel and adjust the position to create the smallest spot at the desired distance. Bond the lens with epoxy or RTV.

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