How to Use LED Grow Lights
LED grow lights, or Light-Emitting Diode lamps, are an increasingly popular choice for indoor plant growing principally because they can deliver more intense light output with less energy and heat production, and they have a much longer useful life than that of high pressure sodium, fluorescent, high-intensity discharge or incandescent lamps. Most grow lamps are used commercially and industrially, but some residential use occurs. LEDs are made in several colors to mimic the ranges of natural sunlight that drive maximum photosynthesis and plant performance. LED grow lights are also popular because they can be used in standard bulb fittings and do not require special ballasts or non-standard electrical fixtures. LEDs come in 2-watt to 15-watt equivalents and in a range of sizes and colors.
nstructions
1
Determine the optimal lighting requirements for your particular plant or plants to thrive if they were living outdoors. Figure out the intensity of light and for how many hours a day it is needed. Often this information is on the plant tag or little plastic pick stuck in the soil of your plant. Online garden resources can help you make the determination if your plant is unmarked. This is what you need to mimic indoors with LEDs. If your plants grow outdoors in shade they need less light indoors. If they are vegetables and grow in full sun for 14 hours per day outdoors then that is the bar you must meet in order for the plant to thrive indoors.
2
Provide a mix of red spectrum and blue spectrum LEDs. Plant photosynthesis is most responsive to these two spectrums. According to research conducted by NASA, mixing at least 80 percent red LEDs and roughly 20 percent blue LEDs is a successful ratio for growing plants indoors. You can easily switch out a few of the blue LEDs for white without harming the plant growth. This will allow you to see what's happening with your plants much more readily because white LEDs have a spectrum of green, yellow and orange, which is more easily visible to the human eye.
Adjust your LEDs to hang above your plant tops by anywhere from 5 inches to 20 inches, according to the plant's size and light intensity requirements. Your goal is to have the plant greens showered in light to their edges but not have the light spill or be wasted on surrounding areas where there are no plants. Height adjustment of lighting helps achieve this economy as plants grow, changing in both shape and size.
4
Determine if your plants require light and dark periods. If so, connect your LED lights to a timer to regulate their on and off cycles to save you time, worry and labor. If your plants prefer long daylight periods and short night periods, program the automatic timer for that length of light cycle.
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2014年11月27日星期四
How Much Energy Do Christmas Lights Use?
How Much Energy Do Christmas Lights Use?
If you plan to use a lot of Christmas lights but do not want an unwanted "gift" when you open your electric bill in the New Year, you might want to buy Christmas lights that do not use too much energy.
Other People Are Reading
LED Lights
Using LED (Light Emitting Diode) lights can save you big bucks. According to the Long Island Power Authority, using a string of 600 LED lights for a month will cost a fraction of what it will cost to run "traditional" Christmas lights. A study by the Neighborhood Network says they use only .04 watts per light.
Mini-Lights
These are the smaller bulbs that are popular. The Neighborhood Network says "traditional" mini-light bulbs use about .34 watts per bulb.
C-7
These bulbs are 1 inch long that some say are shaped like a strawberry. According to the Neighborhood Network, each C-7 bulb uses more than 100 times the energy of an LED.
C-9 Bulbs
C-9 bulbs look like the C-7s but are bigger and use twice the energy.
Benefits
LED bulbs save money on your electric bill and also help the environment. The Long Island Power Authority says LED lights do not have a filament, so they do not get hot. LIPA also says LED lights can last 50,000 to 100,000 hours. That compares with the lifespan of a conventional bulb of around 1,500 hours.
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If you plan to use a lot of Christmas lights but do not want an unwanted "gift" when you open your electric bill in the New Year, you might want to buy Christmas lights that do not use too much energy.
Other People Are Reading
LED Lights
Using LED (Light Emitting Diode) lights can save you big bucks. According to the Long Island Power Authority, using a string of 600 LED lights for a month will cost a fraction of what it will cost to run "traditional" Christmas lights. A study by the Neighborhood Network says they use only .04 watts per light.
Mini-Lights
These are the smaller bulbs that are popular. The Neighborhood Network says "traditional" mini-light bulbs use about .34 watts per bulb.
C-7
These bulbs are 1 inch long that some say are shaped like a strawberry. According to the Neighborhood Network, each C-7 bulb uses more than 100 times the energy of an LED.
C-9 Bulbs
C-9 bulbs look like the C-7s but are bigger and use twice the energy.
Benefits
LED bulbs save money on your electric bill and also help the environment. The Long Island Power Authority says LED lights do not have a filament, so they do not get hot. LIPA also says LED lights can last 50,000 to 100,000 hours. That compares with the lifespan of a conventional bulb of around 1,500 hours.
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how to Test a High Power Diode
How to Test a High Power Diode
Defective high power diodes are a common problem with microwave ovens. These diodes play a critical role by changing the high voltage alternating current (AC) supplied by the high voltage secondary winding of the power transformer into high voltage direct current (DC) that is needed by the magnetron tube that produces the electromagnetic energy that cooks your food. High power diodes subjected to thermal and electrical break down can cause your oven to fail to cook food although it appears to be working
A defective high power diode is found using a digital multimeter (DMM) or an analog volt-ohm-millimeter (VOM). A more accurate test can be made with a simple homemade test jig that allows you to measure the actual barrier voltage drop.
Instructions
Build the Test Jig
1
Plug in the soldering iron and allow to heat up. Once hot, clean the tip by rubbing it on the wet soldering sponge.
2
"Tin" the clean soldering iron tip by applying a coating of Rosin core solder. A properly tinned soldering tip will appear a bright silvery color and is essential for making proper solder connections.
Strip ? inch of insulation from the ends of the two lengths of hook-up wire.
4
"Tin" the bare copper ends of the hook-up wire with the Rosin core solder by applying the tip of the soldering iron to the underside of the wire and the solder to the top. The heat will draw the molten solder completely around the wire and between the strands.
5
Solder one of the lengths of hook-up wire to each battery connector lead. There will be no tension on these leads so you can simply lay the ends side by side and solder together. Wrap the soldered splices with electrical tape.
6
Solder one lead of the resistor to an alligator clip and the other lead to one of the leads coming from the battery connector. Wrap that soldered splice with tape.
Testing a High Power Diode
7
Identify the cathode and anode leads on the power diode. The cathode, or negative (-) lead, is usually identified by a solid line on the rectifier's body. The anode, the positive (+) lead, is identified by a solid arrowhead pointing against the cathode line.
8
Attach the alligator clips to the diode leads, the negative battery lead to the cathode and the positive battery lead to the diode's anode lead.
9
Snap the battery connector on the battery.
10
Set the DMM for the DC Volts range and attach the positive probe to the diode's anode and the negative probe to the diode's cathode and note the voltage reading. A reading of 12 volts indicates an open diode and you need to replace it. A reading approximately 0.3 to 0.7 volts indicates a good power diode. Most silicon power diodes have a barrier voltage drop of approximately 0.5 volts.
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Defective high power diodes are a common problem with microwave ovens. These diodes play a critical role by changing the high voltage alternating current (AC) supplied by the high voltage secondary winding of the power transformer into high voltage direct current (DC) that is needed by the magnetron tube that produces the electromagnetic energy that cooks your food. High power diodes subjected to thermal and electrical break down can cause your oven to fail to cook food although it appears to be working
A defective high power diode is found using a digital multimeter (DMM) or an analog volt-ohm-millimeter (VOM). A more accurate test can be made with a simple homemade test jig that allows you to measure the actual barrier voltage drop.
Instructions
Build the Test Jig
1
Plug in the soldering iron and allow to heat up. Once hot, clean the tip by rubbing it on the wet soldering sponge.
2
"Tin" the clean soldering iron tip by applying a coating of Rosin core solder. A properly tinned soldering tip will appear a bright silvery color and is essential for making proper solder connections.
Strip ? inch of insulation from the ends of the two lengths of hook-up wire.
4
"Tin" the bare copper ends of the hook-up wire with the Rosin core solder by applying the tip of the soldering iron to the underside of the wire and the solder to the top. The heat will draw the molten solder completely around the wire and between the strands.
5
Solder one of the lengths of hook-up wire to each battery connector lead. There will be no tension on these leads so you can simply lay the ends side by side and solder together. Wrap the soldered splices with electrical tape.
6
Solder one lead of the resistor to an alligator clip and the other lead to one of the leads coming from the battery connector. Wrap that soldered splice with tape.
Testing a High Power Diode
7
Identify the cathode and anode leads on the power diode. The cathode, or negative (-) lead, is usually identified by a solid line on the rectifier's body. The anode, the positive (+) lead, is identified by a solid arrowhead pointing against the cathode line.
8
Attach the alligator clips to the diode leads, the negative battery lead to the cathode and the positive battery lead to the diode's anode lead.
9
Snap the battery connector on the battery.
10
Set the DMM for the DC Volts range and attach the positive probe to the diode's anode and the negative probe to the diode's cathode and note the voltage reading. A reading of 12 volts indicates an open diode and you need to replace it. A reading approximately 0.3 to 0.7 volts indicates a good power diode. Most silicon power diodes have a barrier voltage drop of approximately 0.5 volts.
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How do I Make a LED Flash Light for a Dashboard?
How do I Make a LED Flash Light for a Dashboard?
A flashlight on the dashboard of your car can be a convenient addition that helps prevent those frustrating moments when things seem to disappear beneath a seat or you need enough light to read a map. The 12-volt power supply used by the car's cigarette lighter is a handy power source for a low-current LED flashlight that you can make yourself. Keep it in the car for the next time you need a little bit of light.
Instructions
1
Separate the lid from the 35-mm film canister. Poke four pairs of holes in the lid using the pushpin. Each pair of holes should be spaced 1/4" apart to accommodate the two legs of an LED light. Push one white LED into each pair of holes, arranging them so that the long leg of each LED is next to the short leg of the LED next to it.
2
Connect the LEDs in series by twisting the pairs of adjacent legs together. You should have one short leg and one long leg left unconnected.
3.Poke two holes in the bottom of the 35-mm film canister with the pushpin. Untwist three inches of the copper wire and then thread the two red and black wires through the holes.
4
Twist the red wire around the long leg of the LED array and the black wire around the short leg of the LED array. Use small pieces of electrical tape to insulate the connections, and then place the lid of the 35mm canister back on to secure all the flashlight components.
5
Separate an inch of wire on the free end of the copper twisted pair wire. Match the colors to the wires of the 12-volt car adapter plug and connect them, black to black and red to red. Plug the adapter in to make sure the LED flashlight lights up. If it doesn't, try reversing the order of the wires, so that red connects to black and vice versa.
6
Tear the hook and loop tape apart, and remove the non-stick cover from the sticky back of the loop side before pressing it firmly against the location on the dashboard where you want the flashlight to rest. Remove the non-stick cover from the sticky back of the hook side of the tape and wrap it around the 35imm film canister. When the flashlight is not in use, you can keep it secured to the dashboard with the hook and loop strips.
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A flashlight on the dashboard of your car can be a convenient addition that helps prevent those frustrating moments when things seem to disappear beneath a seat or you need enough light to read a map. The 12-volt power supply used by the car's cigarette lighter is a handy power source for a low-current LED flashlight that you can make yourself. Keep it in the car for the next time you need a little bit of light.
Instructions
1
Separate the lid from the 35-mm film canister. Poke four pairs of holes in the lid using the pushpin. Each pair of holes should be spaced 1/4" apart to accommodate the two legs of an LED light. Push one white LED into each pair of holes, arranging them so that the long leg of each LED is next to the short leg of the LED next to it.
2
Connect the LEDs in series by twisting the pairs of adjacent legs together. You should have one short leg and one long leg left unconnected.
3.Poke two holes in the bottom of the 35-mm film canister with the pushpin. Untwist three inches of the copper wire and then thread the two red and black wires through the holes.
4
Twist the red wire around the long leg of the LED array and the black wire around the short leg of the LED array. Use small pieces of electrical tape to insulate the connections, and then place the lid of the 35mm canister back on to secure all the flashlight components.
5
Separate an inch of wire on the free end of the copper twisted pair wire. Match the colors to the wires of the 12-volt car adapter plug and connect them, black to black and red to red. Plug the adapter in to make sure the LED flashlight lights up. If it doesn't, try reversing the order of the wires, so that red connects to black and vice versa.
6
Tear the hook and loop tape apart, and remove the non-stick cover from the sticky back of the loop side before pressing it firmly against the location on the dashboard where you want the flashlight to rest. Remove the non-stick cover from the sticky back of the hook side of the tape and wrap it around the 35imm film canister. When the flashlight is not in use, you can keep it secured to the dashboard with the hook and loop strips.
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How Do LED Flashlights Work?
How Do LED Flashlights Work?
Light Emitting Diodes
Light emitting diodes are the light source in an LED flashlight. Because of their size and capability, they are used in promotional items (especially those that blink), traffic lights, overhead office lighting, and signs. Flashlights and other hand-held items are a great place to use diodes because of the LEDs' durability and the increase in the life of the batteries. LEDs work because of the diode--a semiconductor electronic component that contains two electrodes, also called terminals, that generate light when electricity runs through them. Each diode contains a semiconductor chip and a reflective cup and are housed in a clear or colored epoxy. They attach to a socket via two terminals, one anode (flowing into) and the other cathode (flowing out of). LED flashlights are flashlights that have replaced the traditional bulb with a light emitting diode.
Using LED Flashlights
LEDs found in average hand-held flashlights are housed in a parabolic reflective cavity covered with a clear lens to protect the diode. The power source for lighting the diode is a required series of batteries. The diode and the batteries are separated by a switch. The whole mechanism, batteries and switch are housed in a tube or appropriate housing for the batteries required. This closed circuit charges the diode when the switch is turned to the on position, therefore allowing the current to travel through the LED. The light produced is bright, clear and intense and is bounced off the reflective cavity, through the lens and out into the surrounding area. A lens controls the area the light can spread across and will direct the beam to fill a wide or narrow area.
Advantages And Disadvantages
There are many advantages to using an LED light source. LEDs last longer, are more reliable and use much less energy. Because they are housed in a plastic coating, they are much sturdier and respond to being dropped or abused without breaking like an incandescent bulb might. Because they operate at such low temperatures, their shelf life is many times more than a traditional bulb. Turning them on and off causes minimal wear and tear. One of the disadvantages is susceptibility to damage by static electricity. More importantly, the intensity of an LED can cause eye damage if looked at directly by unprotected eyes. Never stare directly into an LED flashlight.
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Light Emitting Diodes
Light emitting diodes are the light source in an LED flashlight. Because of their size and capability, they are used in promotional items (especially those that blink), traffic lights, overhead office lighting, and signs. Flashlights and other hand-held items are a great place to use diodes because of the LEDs' durability and the increase in the life of the batteries. LEDs work because of the diode--a semiconductor electronic component that contains two electrodes, also called terminals, that generate light when electricity runs through them. Each diode contains a semiconductor chip and a reflective cup and are housed in a clear or colored epoxy. They attach to a socket via two terminals, one anode (flowing into) and the other cathode (flowing out of). LED flashlights are flashlights that have replaced the traditional bulb with a light emitting diode.
Using LED Flashlights
LEDs found in average hand-held flashlights are housed in a parabolic reflective cavity covered with a clear lens to protect the diode. The power source for lighting the diode is a required series of batteries. The diode and the batteries are separated by a switch. The whole mechanism, batteries and switch are housed in a tube or appropriate housing for the batteries required. This closed circuit charges the diode when the switch is turned to the on position, therefore allowing the current to travel through the LED. The light produced is bright, clear and intense and is bounced off the reflective cavity, through the lens and out into the surrounding area. A lens controls the area the light can spread across and will direct the beam to fill a wide or narrow area.
Advantages And Disadvantages
There are many advantages to using an LED light source. LEDs last longer, are more reliable and use much less energy. Because they are housed in a plastic coating, they are much sturdier and respond to being dropped or abused without breaking like an incandescent bulb might. Because they operate at such low temperatures, their shelf life is many times more than a traditional bulb. Turning them on and off causes minimal wear and tear. One of the disadvantages is susceptibility to damage by static electricity. More importantly, the intensity of an LED can cause eye damage if looked at directly by unprotected eyes. Never stare directly into an LED flashlight.
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